Ubuntu Handbook

09 April 2013

Keyborad Shortcuts

Ctrl + Shift + N    # Create New Folder, Very useful shortcut
Ctrl + Alt + T      # Open new Terminal window
Ctrl + Alt + L      # Quick shortcut to Lock Screen
Ctrl + 1/2          # Change folder view to icon/list.
Ctrl + T            # Open a new tab in Nautilus
Ctrl + W            # close current Nautilus Window
Ctrl + H            # Toggle Display of hidden files and folders
Alt + Enter         # Show properties of a selected file/folder
Alt + Home          # Move directly to your Home Folder

F9                  # Toggle display of Nautilus Sidepane

Ubuntu One

Share a folder outside the home folder.
$ mount --bind /path/to/folder /home/username/folder_to_sync
# This should make the contents of /path/to/folder available in both places

Unbuntu-one doesn't support symlinks, but it might support binding mounts. If it does work, you can add a line to /etc/fstab
/path/to/folder/ /home/username/forlder_to_sync none bind 0 0
That way it will alsways mount on boot.

Chinese Input Method

System->Startup Application->Add    # Config ibus
Name:   ibus
Command:/usr/bin/ibus-daemon
Comment:ibus

$sudo apt-get install ibus-googlepinyin     #谷歌拼音输入法
$sudo apt-get install ibus-sunpinyin        #Sun 拼音输入法

Cairo-dock2

$ sudo apt-get install cairo-dock

System->Startup Application->Add
/usr/bin/cairo-dock -o                      #Cairo-Dock with OpenGL
/usr/bin/cairo-dock -c                      #Cairo-Dock without OpenGL

Optimize memory

$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
$ sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10              # 10--1G memory
$ sudo chmod +w /etc/rc.local               # Lont-term effect
$ sudo vi /etc/rc.local
$ echo 10 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness         # append to the end, then save and quit
$ sudo chmod -w /etc/rc.local

Solve rhythmbox Chinse garbled–解决中文乱码

$ sudo apt-get install python-mutagen       # install mid3iconv
$ cd ~/Music                                # go to music directory
$ mid3iconv -e GBK *.mp3                    # converts ID3 tags from GBK to UTF-8

Samba server configuration

$ sudo apt-get install samba smbfs          # install Samba Server
$ sudo apt-get install system-config-samba  # Samba Server Configuration
$ sudo apt-get install winbind              # synchronize user account of linux and windows
$ sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf            # Samba configuration file
[global]
workgroup = WORKGROUP                       # windows workgroup
netbios name = ubuntu                       # computer name(terminal, after @)

;name resolve order = lmhosts host wins bcast # remove ;
Then, saved and close gedit

$ sudo gedit /etc/nsswitch.conf
hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4  # changed to
hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] wins dns mdns4
Then, saved and close gedit

Finally, restart samba and winbind
$ sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
$ sudo /etc/init.d/winbind restart

$ sudo system-config-samba                  # start Samba Server Configuration
or system-->Administration-->Samba

Optional
$ sudo apt-get install nautilus-share       # File Manager

Q & A

$ sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart            # command not found
$ sudo apt-get install samba-common-bin     # install common bin
$ sudo cp /etc/cron.daily/samba /etc/init.d/

Load windows partition

$ sudo fdisk -l                            # list partition table(s)
$ ls -al /dev/disk/by-uuid                 # or sudo blkid -- list uuid
$ sudo gedit /etc/fstab                    # Open fstab to edit, add the followings:
# mount /dev/sda5
# /dev/sda5   /data   ntfs-3g    defaults,user,uid=1000,gid=1000,locale=en_US.UTF-8    0    0
UUID=00029B5700040ACB /data   ntfs-3g    defaults,user,exec,uid=1000,gid=1000,locale=en_US.UTF-8    0    0
$ sudo mount -a                            # or restart your computer.

Install skype

$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://archive.canonical.com/ $(lsb_release -sc) partner"
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install skype

AsciiDoc

AsciiDoc is a text document format for writing notes, documentation, articles, books, ebooks, slideshows, web pages, man pages and blogs. AsciiDoc files can be translated to many formats including HTML, PDF, EPUB, man page.

$ sudo apt-get install asciidoc

Can’t find wireless

$ sudo gedit /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf
[ifupdown]
managed=false --> true                                  # modify false to true
$ sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback                                  # only remain the two lines.
$ sudo mv /etc/resolvconf/ /etc/resolvconf_backup       # delete dns settings
$ sudo service network-manager restart                  # restart network-manager then you'll see wifi

Set static ip
Edit connections->Wireless->IPv4 Settings
Address: 192.168.2.20
Netmask: 255.255.255.0
Gateway: 192.168.2.1
DNS: 8.8.8.8 or 202.102.128.68                          # Unicom

axel

$ sudo apt-get install axel
$ axel http://svn.hyperic.org/projects/sigar_bin/dist/SIGAR_1_6_4/lib/libsigar-x86-linux.so
Usage: axel [options] url1 [url2] [url...]

--max-speed=x		-s x	Specify maximum speed (bytes per second)
--num-connections=x	-n x	Specify maximum number of connections
--output=f		-o f	Specify local output file
--search[=x]		-S [x]	Search for mirrors and download from x servers
--header=x		-H x	Add header string
--user-agent=x		-U x	Set user agent
--no-proxy		-N	Just don't use any proxy server
--quiet			-q	Leave stdout alone
--verbose		-v	More status information
--alternate		-a	Alternate progress indicator
--help			-h	This information
--version		-V	Version information

Mount Windows Share folder

$ sudo apt-get install smbfs        # install smbfs if not installed
$ mkdir ~/windows                   # make directory to be mount point
$ chmod -R 777 ~/windows            # modify the permission
$ sudo smbmount //\<ip\>/\<windows sharing folder\> /\<mount point\> -o username=\<windows username\>,rw
$ sudo umount \<mount point\>       # umount mount point
For example
$ sudo smbmount //192.168.2.10/d/Music ~/windows -o username=admin,uid=1000,gid=1000,rw
$ sudo umount ~/windows

Extract software

$ sudo apt-get install p7zip-full   # install p7zip
$ 7z x file                         # Extract file
$ sudo apt-get install rar          # Install rar
$ rar e file.rar                    # Extract file.rar

Q & A

Q1. Chinese garbled.

A1. install unrar

$ sudo apt-get remove rar
$ sudo apt-get install unrar

A2. install p7zip

$ sudo apt-get install p7zip-rar

Alias

alias [name]=[value]
$ gedit ~/.bashrc                   # alias configure file
alias ll='ls -alF'                  # for example

$ source .bashrc

Note be sure to add ’/’ at the end of the directory name, otherwise prompt error.

Linux/Unix Commands

chown

Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.

chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
Examples:
chown root /u       # Change the owner of /u to "root"
chown root:staff /u # Likewise, but also change its group to "staff".
chown -hR root /u   # Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root".

chgrp

Chage the group of each FILE to GROUP

chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
Examples:
chgrp staff /u      Change the group of /u to "staff".
chgrp -hR staff /u  Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff".

chmod

Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.

chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'.

source

Re-run the initialization file just modified to make it take effect immediately, without having to restart the system.

source filename [arguments]

id

Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user.

id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]

mkdir

Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

 mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

rmdir

Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

rm

Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).

rm [OPTION]... FILE...
rm -rf DIRECTORY            # Remove an unempty directory

touch

Create new file, Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.

touch [OPTION]... FILE...

mv

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
mv file1 file2              # rename file1 to file2

rename

Rename filenames.

rename [-v] [-n] [-f] perlexpr [filenames]
rename foo foo0 foo?        # rename foo1--foo9 to foo01--foo09
rename foo foo0 foo??       # rename foo01--foo99 to foo001--foo099
rename foo foo0 foo*        # rename foo001--foo999 to foo0001--foo0999
rename foo0 foo foo0[2]*    # rename foo0200--foo0299 to foo200--foo299

tput

Initialize a terminal or query terminfo database.

tput init                   # Initialize the terminal according to the type of terminal in the environment variable TERM.
tput -T5620 reset           # Reset an AT&T 5620 terminal.
tput cup 0 0                # Send the sequence to mvoe the cursor to row 0, column 0.
tput clear                  # Echo the clear-screen sequence for the current terminal.
tput cols                   # Print the number of columns for the current terminal.

echo

display a line of text.

echo [OPTION]...[STRING]...
-n      # do not output the trailing newline
-e      # enable interpretation of the backslash-escaped characters listed below.
-E      # disable interpretation of those sequences in STRINGs
Without -E, the following sequences are recognized and interpolated:
\NNN    # the character whose ASCII code is NNN(octal)
\\      # backslash
\a      # alert(BELL)
\b      # backspace
\c      # suppress trailing newline
\f      # form feed
\n      # new line
\v      # vertical tab

Set the terminal title

echo -ne "\033]0;$MY_TITLE\007"

read

Use to get input (data from user) from keyboard and store (data) to variable.

read variable1, variable2,...,variableN

while

Execute script repeatedly as long as a condition is met.

while [condition]
do
    command1
    command2
    ...
done                    # end do

if…else…fi

If given condition is true then command1 is executed otherwise command2 is executed.

if condition    #0-->true-->then, condition not support integar variable.
then
    condition is zero(true - 0)
    execute all commands to else statement
else
    if condition is not true then
    execute all commands up to fi
fi                      # end if

test command or [ expr ]

test command or [ expr ] is used to see if an expression is true, and if it is true it return zero(0), otherwise returns nonzero for false.

test expression OR [ expression ]

Mathematical operators

-eq	is equal to	                5 == 6	    if test 5 -eq 6	    if [ 5 -eq 6 ]
-ne	is not equal to	            5 != 6	    if test 5 -ne 6	    if [ 5 -ne 6 ]
-lt	is less than	            5 < 6	    if test 5 -lt 6	    if [ 5 -lt 6 ]
-le	is less than or equal to	5 <= 6	    if test 5 -le 6	    if [ 5 -le 6 ]
-gt	is greater than	            5 > 6	    if test 5 -gt 6	    if [ 5 -gt 6 ]
-ge	is greater than or equal to	5 >= 6	    if test 5 -ge 6	    if [ 5 -ge 6 ]

String comparisons

string1 = string2	string1 is equal to string2
string1 != string2	string1 is NOT equal to string2
string1	            string1 is NOT NULL or not defined 
-n string1	        string1 is NOT NULL and does exist
-z string1	        string1 is NULL and does exist

Test for file and directory types

-s file   	Non empty file
-f file   	Is File exist or normal file and not a directory 
-d dir    	Is Directory exist and not a file
-w file  	Is writeable file
-r file   	Is read-only file
-x file   	Is file is executable

Logical Operators

! expression	                Logical NOT
expression1 -a expression2	    Logical AND
expression1 -o expression2	    Logical OR

for {variable name} in {list}
do
    execute one for each item in the list until the list is
    not finished (And repeat all statement between do and done)
done

The case Statement

The case statement is good alternative to Multilevel if-then-else-fi statement. It enable you to match several values against one variable. Its easier to read and write.

case $variable-name in
pattern1)
    command
    ...
    command;;
pattern2)
    command
    ...
    command;;
...
patternN)
    command
    ...
    command;;
*)
    command
    ...
    command;;
esac                        # end case

The $variable-name is compared against the patterns until a match is found. The shell then executes all the statements up to the two semicolons that are next to each other. The default is *) and its executed if no match is found.

netstat

netstat [-vWnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...]

$ sudo netstat -tap | grep mysql          # list mysql ip port

nm-tool

NetworkManager Tool, list devices, IPv4 settings(address, gateway,DNS)

$ nm-tool

sed

sed is a stream editor. A stream editor is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).

sed OPTIONS... [SCRIPT] [INPUTFILE...]

command-line options

-n, --quiet, --silent
             suppress automatic printing of pattern space
-e script, --expression=script
             add the script to the commands to be executed
-f script-file, --file=script-file
             add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed
--follow-symlinks
             follow symlinks when processing in place
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]
             edit files in place (makes backup if extension supplied)
-l N, --line-length=N
             specify the desired line-wrap length for the `l' command
--posix
             disable all GNU extensions.
-r, --regexp-extended
             use extended regular expressions in the script.
-s, --separate
             consider files as separate rather than as a single continuous
             long stream.
-u, --unbuffered
             load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush
             the output buffers more often
--help     display this help and exit
--version  output version information and exit

The s Command

The syntax of the s (as in substitute) command is ‘s/regexp/replacement/flags’.

The s command can be followed by zero or more of the following flags:

g   Apply the replacement to all matches to the regexp, not just the first. 
i   The I modifier to regular-expression matching is a GNU extension which makes sed match regexp in a case-insensitive manner. 
p   If the substitution was made, then print the new pattern space.

cp

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

Parameters

-f, --force                  if an existing destination file cannot be
                             opened, remove it and try again (redundant if
                             the -n option is used)
-i, --interactive            prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n
                              option)
-R, -r, --recursive          copy directories recursively
  --reflink[=WHEN]           control clone/CoW copies. See below
  --remove-destination       remove each existing destination file before
                             attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
  --sparse=WHEN              control creation of sparse files. See below
  --strip-trailing-slashes   remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
                             argument
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY  copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory    treat DEST as a normal file

Linux System Services

Services are put into /etc/init.d

update-rc.d mysqld defaults     #Create service mysqld
update-rc.d -f mysqld remove    #Delete service mysqld

grep

Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.

grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...

Example:

grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
grep -rn "hello,world!" ./              #search "hello,world!" in current directory and sub directories.

Regexp selection and interpretation:

-E, --extended-regexp     PATTERN is an extended regular expression (ERE)
-F, --fixed-strings       PATTERN is a set of newline-separated fixed strings
-G, --basic-regexp        PATTERN is a basic regular expression (BRE)
-P, --perl-regexp         PATTERN is a Perl regular expression
-e, --regexp=PATTERN      use PATTERN for matching
-f, --file=FILE           obtain PATTERN from FILE
-i, --ignore-case         ignore case distinctions
-w, --word-regexp         force PATTERN to match only whole words
-x, --line-regexp         force PATTERN to match only whole lines
-z, --null-data           a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline

Miscellaneous:

-s, --no-messages         suppress error messages
-v, --invert-match        select non-matching lines
-V, --version             print version information and exit
  --help                display this help and exit
  --mmap                ignored for backwards compatibility

Output control:

-m, --max-count=NUM       stop after NUM matches
-b, --byte-offset         print the byte offset with output lines
-n, --line-number         print line number with output lines
  --line-buffered       flush output on every line
-H, --with-filename       print the file name for each match
-h, --no-filename         suppress the file name prefix on output
  --label=LABEL         use LABEL as the standard input file name prefix
-o, --only-matching       show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
-q, --quiet, --silent     suppress all normal output
  --binary-files=TYPE   assume that binary files are TYPE;
                        TYPE is `binary', `text', or `without-match'
-a, --text                equivalent to --binary-files=text
-I                        equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
-d, --directories=ACTION  how to handle directories;
                        ACTION is `read', `recurse', or `skip'
-D, --devices=ACTION      how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
                        ACTION is `read' or `skip'
-R, -r, --recursive       equivalent to --directories=recurse
  --include=FILE_PATTERN  search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
  --exclude=FILE_PATTERN  skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
  --exclude-from=FILE   skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
  --exclude-dir=PATTERN  directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
-L, --files-without-match  print only names of FILEs containing no match
-l, --files-with-matches  print only names of FILEs containing matches
-c, --count               print only a count of matching lines per FILE
-T, --initial-tab         make tabs line up (if needed)
-Z, --null                print 0 byte after FILE name

Context control:

-B, --before-context=NUM  print NUM lines of leading context
-A, --after-context=NUM   print NUM lines of trailing context
-C, --context=NUM         print NUM lines of output context
-NUM                      same as --context=NUM
  --color[=WHEN],
  --colour[=WHEN]       use markers to highlight the matching strings;
                        WHEN is `always', `never', or `auto'
-U, --binary              do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS)
-u, --unix-byte-offsets   report offsets as if CRs were not there (MSDOS)

`egrep' means `grep -E'.  `fgrep' means `grep -F'.

type

Display information about command type.

help type           #see type help
type [-afptP] name [name ...]

Options:

-a	display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
    includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
    the `-p' option is not also used
-f	suppress shell function lookup
-P	force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
    builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
    that would be executed
-p	returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
    or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-t	output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
    `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
    reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
    found, respectively

Examples

type -t NAME
type -t init_pr

wc

Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space.

wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
wc [OPTION]... --files0-from=F

options

-c, --bytes            print the byte counts
-m, --chars            print the character counts
-l, --lines            print the newline counts
    --files0-from=F    read input from the files specified by
                       NUL-terminated names in file F;
                       If F is - then read names from standard input
-L, --max-line-length  print the length of the longest line
-w, --words            print the word counts
    --help     display this help and exit
    --version  output version information and exit

tee

Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.

tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Options

-a, --append              append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
-i, --ignore-interrupts   ignore interrupt signals
    --help     display this help and exit
    --version  output version information and exit

If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output.

find

find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]

default path is the current directory; default expression is -print expression may consist of: operators, options, tests, and actions:

operators

(decreasing precedence; -and is implicit where no others are given):
( EXPR )   ! EXPR   -not EXPR   EXPR1 -a EXPR2   EXPR1 -and EXPR2
EXPR1 -o EXPR2   EXPR1 -or EXPR2   EXPR1 , EXPR2

positional options (always true):

-daystart -follow -regextype

normal options (always true, specified before other expressions):

-depth --help -maxdepth LEVELS -mindepth LEVELS -mount -noleaf
--version -xdev -ignore_readdir_race -noignore_readdir_race

tests (N can be +N or -N or N): -amin N -anewer FILE -atime N -cmin N

-cnewer FILE -ctime N -empty -false -fstype TYPE -gid N -group NAME
-ilname PATTERN -iname PATTERN -inum N -iwholename PATTERN -iregex PATTERN
-links N -lname PATTERN -mmin N -mtime N -name PATTERN -newer FILE
-nouser -nogroup -path PATTERN -perm [+-]MODE -regex PATTERN
-readable -writable -executable
-wholename PATTERN -size N[bcwkMG] -true -type [bcdpflsD] -uid N
-used N -user NAME -xtype [bcdpfls]

actions: -delete -print0 -printf FORMAT -fprintf FILE FORMAT -print

-fprint0 FILE -fprint FILE -ls -fls FILE -prune -quit
-exec COMMAND ; -exec COMMAND {} + -ok COMMAND ;
-execdir COMMAND ; -execdir COMMAND {} + -okdir COMMAND ;

xargs

xargs [-0prtx] [--interactive] [--null] [-d|--delimiter=delim]
[-E eof-str] [-e[eof-str]]  [--eof[=eof-str]]
[-L max-lines] [-l[max-lines]] [--max-lines[=max-lines]]
[-I replace-str] [-i[replace-str]] [--replace[=replace-str]]
[-n max-args] [--max-args=max-args]
[-s max-chars] [--max-chars=max-chars]
[-P max-procs]  [--max-procs=max-procs] [--show-limits]
[--verbose] [--exit] [--no-run-if-empty] [--arg-file=file]
[--version] [--help] [command [initial-arguments]]

seq

Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT.

seq [OPTION]... LAST
seq [OPTION]... FIRST LAST
seq [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST

Options

-f, --format=FORMAT      use printf style floating-point FORMAT
-s, --separator=STRING   use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n)
-w, --equal-width        equalize width by padding with leading zeroes
--help     display this help and exit
--version  output version information and exit

If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1.  That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. FORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise.

ubuntu 4

Ubuntu Handbook

Keyborad Shortcuts

Ubuntu One

Chinese Input Method

Cairo-dock2

Optimize memory

Solve rhythmbox Chinse garbled–解决中文乱码

Samba server configuration

Q & A

Load windows partition

Install skype

AsciiDoc

Can’t find wireless

axel

Mount Windows Share folder

Extract software

Q & A

Q1. Chinese garbled.

Alias

Linux/Unix Commands

chown

chgrp

chmod

source

id

mkdir

rmdir

rm

touch

mv

rename

tput

echo

read

while

if…else…fi

test command or [ expr ]

Mathematical operators

String comparisons

Test for file and directory types

Logical Operators

for Loop

The case Statement

netstat

nm-tool

sed

command-line options

The s Command

cp

Parameters

Linux System Services

grep

Example:

Regexp selection and interpretation:

Miscellaneous:

Output control:

Context control:

type

Options:

Examples

wc

options

tee

Options

find

operators

positional options (always true):

normal options (always true, specified before other expressions):

tests (N can be +N or -N or N): -amin N -anewer FILE -atime N -cmin N

actions: -delete -print0 -printf FORMAT -fprintf FILE FORMAT -print

xargs

seq

Options